Sunday, August 23, 2020

LLM in Construction Law

Question: Talk about theConstruction Contract Law for Quashquell Construction. Answer: Issue and Facts QQ is an enlisted property designer situated in UK which in wake of the Brexit submission and diminished interest had chosen in October 2015 that their present place of business at Salford would be exchanged. The firm chose to move to another office on March 1, 2016 arranged in Hull where it bought an old Victorian structure. There was necessity of significant restoration in this structure combined with another focal warming framework. For the restoration works, QQ granted an agreement to Retro Salvagers Ltd (RSL). As a major aspect of the hidden agreement among QQ and RSL, it was concurred that the works must be done by February 25, 2016 as the empty old office must be given over to the new purchaser. Further, moving over to the new office was feasible for QQ just when renovation was finished. Furthermore, the agreement likewise determined that any deferral in culmination by RSL would prompt a lessening in the installment made at the pace of 4.5% of agreement cost every day. RSL cou ldn't complete the work on schedule and subsequently QQ needed to move tasks to an inn which happened to be arranged in the close by region. There was a postponement of ten days during which the all out misfortune borne by QQ was 4,700 regarding rent and 5,000 in benefits. For focal warming framework, Dapar Heating Systems Ltd (DHS) was drawn nearer by QQ for a statement. For the warming framework proposed by DHS, QQ had a ton of questions about the vitality proficiency of the proposed framework however the salesperson from DHS that the framework has prevalent vitality effectiveness and establishment cost would be recoverable inside two years. QQ was dazzled by this viewpoint and chose to go into an agreement with DHS with the cut-off date of establishment being fixed at 25th February. According to the agreement, any deferral over this date independent of the time would prompt a single amount punishment of 1200. The architects of DHS were pre-busy with another work and consequently there was a deferral in the establishment of the framework. The framework was just introduced seven days after the companys office got operational. Accordingly, QQ needed to bring about gradual expenses to the tune of 400 every day. The warming framework introduced broke dow n again following three weeks and consequently for seven days the versatile radiators must be sent by QQ. Later on a physical review being directed by autonomous master, it was uncovered that the warming framework had establishment issues and furthermore had a place with the lower end of the vitality productivity. Because of a gas spill, there was a blast in the warming framework and made misfortune the organization other than the workers. The center issue is to counsel QQ comparable to the potential cases against RSL and DHS thinking about the above realities. Law There are basically two viewpoints in the above case. One identifies with the deferral in the development for which express arrangement has been remembered for the executed agreement with the important gatherings. Considering the significance of time in development contracts, there is generally an express arrangement present in such agreements to manage the deferral in development. If there should be an occurrence of not finishing the development at a specific date plot in the agreement, harms may should be payable by the temporary worker to the customer. These harms are known as sold harms (LD). The LD proviso will in general be helpful for the business as the cash determined could be asserted without really demonstrating the degree of misfortune and furthermore dismisses whether preventive measures were taken by the business or not. For the contractual worker, LD proviso prompts the obsession of the most extreme risk that would should be borne if there should be an occurrence of any deferrals. The LD provision is generally maintained by the courts[1]. Nonetheless, it is basic that the LD proviso must be founded on a sensible gauge of the conceivable misfortune brought about by the business. The English courts don't take into consideration a punishment to be imposed and in such cases may intercede Also, it is basic that the concurred strategy as expressed in the agreement with respect to sees and different conventions should be trailed by the business. Further, the business ought not have been answerable for the deferral caused because of limited access to premises, adjusting administration guidelines in the agreement finish and different postponements for which the temporary worker can't be held responsible[2]. Moreover, there is a second worry corresponding to the non-execution of legally binding obligations by the temporary worker with respect to DHS. In this respects, it is basic that if there is dependence of the business on the aptitude of contractual worker in the determination of products or materials which are of imperative quality principles, at that point the concerned material proposed by the temporary worker ought to be suitable for the utilization indicated by the customer or employer[3]. This is obvious from the decision made in the Young Marten v. McManus Childs[4] case. According to this case, the offended party bought tiles following up on the exhortation of the litigant. In any case, hence these documents were not seen as merchantable because of the inert assembling deformity that these contained. This was in spite of the way that there no express proviso identified with readiness for reason remembered for the contract[5]. In any case, it is basic to take note of this isn' t the situation when the customer has looked for a specialist counsel before settling on a decision. This is clear from the choice made in the Rotherham MBC v. Haslam Milan Co Ltd[6] case. Likewise, according to the merchandise or administrations gave, it is basic to follow the arrangements of the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 despite the fact that the equivalent may not be explicitly expressed in the authorized agreement. Notwithstanding, so as to maintain a strategic distance from the equivalent, it is suggested that normalized structures be utilized by the contracting gatherings to go into a legally binding relationship[7]. Also, with respect to carelessness in giving the essential standard of administration, it is very conceivable that the contractual worker may owe commitments to the business both under agreement law and tort law, a circumstance alluded to as simultaneous liabilities[8]. In such manner, Robinson v. PE Jones (Contractors) Ltd[9] case is exceptionally huge. For this situation, it was featured that because of agreement, it couldn't be accepted that the contractual worker likewise owes an obligation to mind consequently. Be that as it may, an elective perspective is given by the choice stretched out in Barclays Bank plc v Fairclough Building LtdNo 2[10] situation where the simultaneous obligation of the temporary worker was maintained and it was decided that obligation to mind consequently emerges in such cases. Subsequently, there is still discussion regarding the matter of simultaneous liabilities. Be that as it may, in cases, where the imperfection in development is not kidding to the point that it has prompted genuine injury, at that point the absolutely monetary misfortune could likewise be considered[11]. Application In light of the given realities and the applicable law, the main issue identifies with the sold harms. In spite of the fact that sold harms are for the most part enforceable, they should be started with the plan to recuperate the possible misfortunes and not be corrective in nature. Concerning the LD statement in the agreement with RSL, the predetermined LD is 4.5% of the agreement worth or 4.5% of 50,000 which adds up to 2,250. In any case, in reality the misfortune endured by QQ because of deferral is 970. Obviously, there is a colossal distinction between the two sums and henceforth it appears to be likely that the court may not uphold the LD proviso as there is a punishment component included by QQ. In any case, there is no data for the situation to propose that the postponement by RSL was by virtue of any impedance or adjustment of value guidelines by QQ. Subsequently, RSL can't guarantee any protection in such manner and would need to represent sensible liquidation harms. In the event of DHS, it is obvious that the sold harms in the agreement are more than sensible and consequently there is no correctional pay associated with the equivalent. Be that as it may, thinking about the idea of the statement, if the postponement was of lesser length and the misfortune brought about by QQ was impressively lesser, it is very conceivable that the equivalent could have been challenged by DHS. Also, it is evident that with respect to the vitality productivity of the warming framework, QQ depended on the guidance from DHS. In any case, assessment from autonomous master later uncovered that the case of DHS with respect to effectiveness wasn't right. Henceforth, in accordance with the choice made in Young Marten v. McManus Childs case, QQ may guarantee installments for the poor vitality effectiveness of the framework. This is in spite of the nonattendance of an express provision viewing vitality productivity as it was a huge worry for QQ as obvious from the discussio ns. Furthermore, harms may likewise be guaranteed for the failures in establishment by DHS whereby it was normal that the temporary worker would agree to the arrangements of the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 and in this way ought to have guaranteed that no omissions would have been done in establishment of the framework. Likewise, it is clear in the given case that because of the carelessness in the establishment of the warming framework as built up by an autonomous master, there was conceivable spillage of gas which inevitably prompted the blast which other than making injury the representatives has additionally caused monetary misfortune as property being harmed because of blast. In view of the case realities, it appears to be evident that the business QQ might have never really stay away from the equivalent and was not likewise mindful of the establishment imperfection when the blast happened. Accordingly, QQ may likewise guarantee harms for the recuperation of the misfortune to property caused because of the blast refering to the decision conveyed in the Barclays Bank plc v Fairclough Building LtdNo 2 case. Sally and Sean: Issue DHS has erroneously introduced the warming framework and because of a gas release, the warming framework detonates which brings about genuine wounds caused to Sally and Sean. The center issue is to offer them exhortation dependent on the above fa

Friday, August 21, 2020

Wind farm coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Wind ranch coursework - Essay Example This report will start by a synopsis giving the foundation and the significant procedures required in the breeze ranch other than arrangement of motivation to put resources into the endeavor. The presentation will join portrayal of the undertaking, its prerequisites, significance preferred position and impediments too. Indeed, sketching out the targets of the report will shape a crucial area of the presentation. Sufficient models for computations, for example, connection, relapse and other factual estimations are utilized and appeared too. This involve all stages extending from the information assortment on the properties of wind in the area to the money related spending estimations. Numerical techniques have been inspected so as to accomplish results from the exact furthest reaches of estimations. Being this was a unique outcome that relied upon factors of various qualities, consolidating presumptions was fundamental to manage the exploration procedure. Expressing the presumptions introduced the models applied all the while and focused on offering rules in the investigation stage. A breeze ranch involves a gathering of wind turbines amassed in the one area at fitting interims and used to produce vitality from wind through change. A more prominent breeze ranch may contain many individual breeze turbines and possess an extended zone of several square meters, however the land in the midst of the turbines may be occupied with rural along with different purposes that don't meddle with the activity of the turbines. Wind power is an ample, broadly flowed vitality asset that has no fuel cost, no antagonistic discharges and water use. Wind’s weaknesses are enormously associated with its adaptable trademark and the component that the best areas for creating wind vitality are constantly discovered removed from significant urban areas and urban focuses. Wind quickness and way can exchange by the season, diurnal and hour and thus request backup from power age destinations

Friday, July 10, 2020

Writing Your Own Essay - Sample Essays For Sample Essays

Writing Your Own Essay - Sample Essays For Sample EssaysWhen I had a job interview, the interviewer asked me to supply samples essays. I had one they could use at the interview to help determine whether or not I was right for the job.What can samples essays really do for your resume? What if you could actually write your own samples? These samples could be short responses to question posed by your interviewer during the interview. The sample can show you how to structure your responses, word choices, and format in a way that will help convey your message effectively.In my experience, it is very easy to come up with samples for samples essays. You need to have all of the information you need to come up with your own essays. This includes writing format, grammar, topic of interest, and even writing technique.Sample essays do take some time to prepare. If you are a person who cannot seem to stay on top of his/her paper, then this may be something that you want to avoid. Some students do not realize that they need to continue to rewrite their essays. If this is the case, then you may want to consider writing your own samples.Writing your own samples can be exciting. It is great to be able to write something you know you can rely on. In many cases, you can find samples online or within your own books. They can often be found in the back of a book, or in a magazine.Writing sample essays can be a fun and easy process. There are few rules to keep in mind while doing so. The most important thing to remember is that you should provide a sample based on information you know but do not remember in full.One tip is to always think in one sentence. Do not worry about using too much information. Make sure your sample is a reflection of the type of candidate you are looking for. Having a one-sentence sample ensures that it does not contain too much info, so that you do not forget any important parts.

Wednesday, May 20, 2020

What Is a Histogram and How Is One Used

A histogram is a type of graph that has wide applications in statistics. Histograms provide a visual interpretation of numerical data by indicating the number of data points that lie within a range of values.  These ranges of values are called classes or bins. The frequency of the data that falls in each class is depicted by the use of a bar.  The higher that the bar is, the greater the frequency of data values in that bin. Histograms vs. Bar Graphs At first glance, histograms look very similar to bar graphs. Both graphs employ vertical bars to represent data. The height of a bar corresponds to the relative frequency of the amount of data in the class. The higher the bar, the higher the frequency of the data. The lower the bar, the lower the frequency of data. But looks can be deceiving. It is here that the similarities end between the two kinds of graphs. The reason that these kinds of graphs are different has to do with the level of measurement of the data. On one hand, bar graphs are used for data at the nominal level of measurement. Bar graphs measure the frequency of categorical data, and the classes for a bar graph are these categories. On the other hand, histograms are used for data that is at least at the ordinal level of measurement. The classes for a histogram are ranges of values. Another key difference between bar graphs and histograms has to do with the ordering of the bars. In a bar graph, it is common practice to rearrange the bars in order of decreasing height. However, the bars in a histogram cannot be rearranged. They must be displayed in the order that the classes occur. Example of a Histogram The diagram above shows us a histogram. Suppose that four coins are flipped and the results are recorded. The use of the appropriate binomial distribution table or straightforward calculations with the binomial formula shows the probability that no heads are showing is 1/16, the probability that one head is showing is 4/16. The probability of two heads is 6/16. The probability of three heads is 4/16. The probability of four heads is 1/16. We construct a total of five classes, each of width one. These classes correspond to the number of heads possible: zero, one, two, three or four. Above each class, we draw a vertical bar or rectangle. The heights of these bars correspond to the probabilities mentioned for our probability experiment of flipping four coins and counting the heads. Histograms and Probabilities The above example not only demonstrates the construction of a histogram, but it also shows that discrete probability distributions can be represented with a histogram. Indeed, and discrete probability distribution can be represented by a histogram. To construct a histogram that represents a probability distribution, we begin by selecting the classes. These should be the outcomes of a probability experiment. The width of each of these classes should be one unit. The heights of the bars of the histogram are the probabilities for each of the outcomes. With a histogram constructed in such a way, the areas of the bars are also probabilities. Since this sort of histogram gives us probabilities, it is subject to a couple of conditions. One stipulation is that only nonnegative numbers can be used for the scale that gives us the height of a given bar of the histogram. A second condition is that since the probability is equal to the area, all of the areas of the bars must add up to a total of one, equivalent to 100%. Histograms and Other Applications The bars in a histogram do not need to be probabilities. Histograms are helpful in areas other than probability. Anytime that we wish to compare the frequency of occurrence of quantitative data a histogram can be used to depict our data set.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Saudi Arabian And Mexican Health Care Delivery Systems

Health Care Access: An Analysis of Saudi Arabian and Mexican Health Care Delivery Systems Access to equal health care is essential for a country to thrive and flourish. Equal access to health care means that all citizens receive the same health care services regardless of race, religion, gender, and socioeconomic status. Unfortunately, health care disparities and unequal access to care is often what many cultures experience. This paper will compare and contrast two very different societies, Saudi Arabia and Mexico. The comparison will analyze health care delivery systems, the accessibility to health care, and the health status of the citizens of Saudi Arabia and Mexico. The analysis will include methods employed by the two countries to improve accessibility and therefore improving quality of health care for their citizens. Saudi Arabian Health Care Delivery System Prior to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia s established reign, health care was sought out by local traditional healers. Saud i Arabia became a kingdom in 1932 and one of the first decrees set by King Abdulaziz was to establish a public health department in Mecca. The public health departments objectives were to promote and monitor free health care for Saudi citizens as well as pilgrims from other Muslim countries who came to Mecca for the Hajj journey made by all followers of Islam. The public health department implemented many hospitals and dispensaries; however, there was not enough funding to sustain andShow MoreRelatedInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pages10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcas t for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and printRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 PagesConsumer Lifestyles - United Arab Emirates Euromonitor International August 2010 List of Contents and Tables Structure of the Report 1 Consumer Trends 1 Increased Demand for Health and Wellness Products in the Middle East 2 Popularity of Online Shopping Grows Amongst UAE Consumers 3 Generation of Newly Thrifty UAE Consumers 3 Rental Rates Plummet Across the Uae, Adding To Consumer Disposable Income 4 Environmentally Friendly Consumers on the Rise in UAE 5 Consumer SegmentationRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCosts 6.4 Activity duration estimates (.3) 6.4.2 Estimating tools (.1.3.4) 6.3.1 Identifying resources 7.1 Activity cost estimates (.2.3.4.5) 5.1.2.4 Delphi method Chapter 6 10.5.3 Cost/schedule system (.1) 6.6 .2.1 Time performance 7.2.3.1 Cost baseline development 7.3.2.1 Earned value system (F.4) 7.3.2.4 E.V., performance status report 7.3.2.2 E.V., forecasts 7.3.2.3 EV., to complete index (EAC) 7.3.2.5 Schedule and cost variance Developing a Project Plan 4.2.2 Planning tools 6.2 SequenceRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMcKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri 213 Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesCourier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permissionRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell LeadershipRead MoreValuation of Integrated Oil Gas Companies Msc Thesis33042 Words   |  133 Pagesreserves and production, correctly understanding and accurately assigning value to the decisions, risks, assets and growth of these companies has become evermore crucial. In addition to representing a significant part of global resource base and supply delivery of these companies, Major Integrated Oil Gas companies also constitute significant portion of Global Equity Benchmarks like MSCI World, in which Integrated Oil Gas constitutes +10% of the index. A more detailed examination of OIL Gas industry

Business Law and Ethics Physicians and Professio Essay Example For Students

Business Law and Ethics : Physicians and Professio Essay nal Secrecy Introduction Our law enforcement officials have a duty to protect citizens as well as discourage crimes from taking place. Our health care officials also have a duty to provide the best care possible to those who need it. Often enough, there have been many cases where both parties have come in contrast with each other on different levels of professionalism. The ultimate debate arises when doctors and law enforcement take into account the respect and privacy of patients. One of the issues that will be discussed in the paper focuses on the importance of doctors having to report gunshot wounds to the police. Many issues of ethics and morality come into play when judging which party is in favor. In our opinion, we believe that physicians should report patients that come in with gunshot wounds for reasons of discouraging criminal acts, protecting our society, and preventing future violence from taking place. This paper will explore the many moral, ethical and legal responsibilities of a physician, and analyze why it is important for them to report gunshot wounds to the police. Contrary to the Code of Ethics of Physicians and the Medical Act, we believe there is a pressing issue for public concern that is being strongly overlooked in this matter. We will explore the areas of human rights, professional secrecy, civil responsibilities, as well as patient consent in order to justify our claim. The Law Article 9 of The Charter of Human Rights and Freedom states that, No person bound to professional secrecy should disclose confidential information and that the tribunal will ensure professional secrecy is respected. We strongly believe this statement should not apply to gunshot wounds because it depicts that the law would only be protecting one person over society as a whole. A gunshot wound should not be bound by professional secrecy since; even professionals can determine a gunshot wound and it is not revealing a patients confidential information other than his condition. When a gun has been discharged the government has an obligation to protect society. In essence, the most important issues to consider in disclosure of confidential information are that the police have a specific role as well in protecting the well being of society. The police are responsible for assessing the risk posed by members of the public who are armed. Therefore, they have a need to consider the risk of further harm to those in the surrounding area. With the upscale growth of firearm violence throughout the country, police say hospitals have become safe havens for people who break the law, but some doctors say patient confidentiality trumps the need to report gunshot wounds. Most physicians recognize the narrow public health and safety obligations to report a patients communicable diseases, gunshot wounds, signs of child abuse, or serious violent intentionssocially motivated exceptions to traditional pledges of confidentiality. As these social issues immerge, we believe it is best for society to inform the authorities of any crime. Many argue that a patient with a gunshot wound may himself have been part of gunfire and would therefore be discouraged from obtaining medical help if physicians were to report the wound. However, shouldnt a law protect society over one individual? When a patient is brought to the hospital for a gunshot wound it is crucial to take into account that the criminal is perhaps still at large and may harm someone else; that is, if the law enforcement is not informed. Forty-five American states have some form of law providing for mandatory reporting of gunshot or other wounds. The Code of Medical Ethics states that the information disclosed to a physician during the course of the patient-physician relationship is confidential to the utmost degree, however they have permitted disclosures. Furthermore, article 20.1 of the Professional Code of Physicians, argues, A physician, in order to maintain professional secrecy, must keep confidential the information obtained in the practice of his profession. Again, we understand the importance of non disclosure of important information relevant to any patients privacy, however when their condition becomes a matter of public order it is important that those in the public should be protected against any harm that might be .

Wednesday, April 22, 2020

Osmosis Lab Report Sample

Osmosis Lab Report Paper The progress in which a cell is in its balanced state is called equilibrium. Diffusion is a functioning way for cells to reach their equilibrium. Equilibrium is reached by controlling what enters and exits the cell through a cell membrane that selectively filters molecules by slowing down their movement, allowing them to pass through, or not allowing them to pass through the membrane. Diffusion and osmosis go hand-in-hand. Osmosis is generally the same as diffusion, however, deals solely with water. Osmotic pressure is the pressure of a solution against a semi-permeable membrane to prevent water from flowing into the membrane. In this lab, we are going to study ethnicity; ethnicity is the measure of this osmotic pressure and is the differential of pressure twine two solutions separated by a selective membrane. To help identify the relative concentrations of solute particles of different solutions, we must understand that there are three possible differences in concentrations between a cell and its environment. The terms hypotonic, hypersonic, and isotonic are used in referring to the identification of the possible relative concentrations. The first term, hypotonic, is the solution that contains lower concentrations of solute particles, which means that the concentration inside the cell is greater than the concentration outside. A hypotonic solution causes the cell to swell in size. The second term, hypersonic, is the solution that contains higher concentration of solute particles, which means that the concentration of the cell is less than that outside the cell. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A hypersonic solution causes the cell to shrink in size. Lastly, the third term, isotonic, is the solution in which the cell stays the same, which means concentrations inside and outside the cell are equal, so water enters and exits the cell equally resulting in equilibrium. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this lab is to identify each egg in its relative concentration of solute particles of different lotions as either a hypotonic, a hypersonic, or an isotonic solution based on the change in each eggs mass from time 0 to time 60 in minutes. With that, ones aim is to find the concentration of the unknown solution given by the instructor, and to identify at which point an isotonic solution occurs. HYPOTHESIS: If an egg is placed in a hypotonic solution, then the egg will increase in water mass and swell. If an egg is placed in a hypersonic solution, then the egg will decrease in water mass and shrink. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE: In order to proceed in the experiment, the following materials were obtained: 6 e-shelled eggs Scale Weighing trays Paper towels Timer Beakers of solutions containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, sucrose and an unknown solution To begin this experiment, first each group was given six De- shelled eggs, a scale, weighing trays, paper towels, a timer, and beakers of solutions containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% sucrose, and an unknown solution. To get this lab started, the scale was first plugged in. Once the scale was plugged and ready for use, we placed the weighing trays on the scale and tarred it to zero, so that the trays weight wouldnt have any impact on the weights of the eggs. After the weighing trays were tarred, each egg was placed atop the trays and the initial weight of the eggs were measured and recorded in lab notebooks under results in Table 1 Chart. Correspondingly, each of the six De-shelled eggs were placed in the various solution concentrations, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% sucrose, and an unknown solution. After being merged in the various concentration solutions for fifteen minutes, the eggs were then taken out of the beaker-filled solutions, patted dry with paper towels, and weighed. The new weights of the eggs were again recorded in lab notebooks under Table 1 Chart. This process was repeated in fifteen minutes intervals from time zero to time 60 minutes. Thereafter, the values in the chart for Table 2 was calculated by subtracting the weight at any time intervals 15, 30, 45, or 60, from the initial weight to get the total change with respect to time. Osmosis Lab Report Sample Osmosis Lab Report Paper The resulting weights were recorded and the data was graphed. We then could draw conclusions on the lab. Introduction Diffusion and Osmosis are two concepts that go hand in hand with each other. Diffusion is simply described as the movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. In another words, the substance will move down its concentration gradient which is the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases (Campbell Biology pig. 132). If you understand the concept of diffusion then osmosis is a very simple process. It can be defined as the diffusion of water across a permeable membrane. Osmosis can be cellular or artificial, so even though we are creating artificial cells in this lab, it is still considered to be osmosis. During osmosis, a solvent is trying to get through a selectively permeable membrane to make the concentration of that solvent the same on both sides of the membrane. The rate of osmosis depends on the type of environment the cell is in. There are three different environments that a cell can find itself in, a hypersonic environment, a hypotonic environment, or an isotonic environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The environment a cell is in will determine its tonic which is the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose weight (Campbell Biology pig. 133). In a hypersonic solution, the cell will lose water, shrivel up, and most likely die (Campbell Biology pig. 133). The reason this happens is because there is a higher concentration of water in the cell then there is in the environment the cell is in. Like I said before, water travels down its concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration. So the water inside the cell will cross the membrane and enter into the solution outside the cell and it will continue to do this until the concentration inside the cell membrane and outside the cell membrane are equal. The opposite of this would be if the cell was in a solution that is hypotonic to the cell. In a hypotonic solution, Water would enter the cell faster than it leaves and the cell will swell up and else (burst) (Campbell Biology pig. 134). This will also cause the cell to die. Both a hypersonic and hypotonic solution are very harmful to cell and in most cases will cause the death of the cell. A solution that a cell wants to be in is an isotonic solution. If the concentration of water in the cell and in the surrounding environment is equal, there will be no net movement of water across the membrane and therefore the cell will not shrivel up or swell up. ). An experiment has been conducted to find out whether or not osmosis is occurring by using artificial cells made of dialysis tubing. To test this hypothesis the experiment will show the change in weight of each artificial cell across a 90 minute time span. The experiment will also show which type of environment (as previously stated) each cell is placed in and taken out of to be weighed. Materials and Methods This experiment will look at the effects of various sucrose concentrations on the rate of osmosis in artificial cells made up of dialysis tubing. To begin the experiment one strip of dialysis tubing will be filled with mol of tap water, the second will be filed with mol of 20% sucrose, the third with mol of sucrose, the fourth with mol of 60% sucrose, and the fifth bag will be filled with mol of tap water also. The dialysis tubing will be clamped at one end in order to fill it and then clamped at the other end to seal the filled bag. If the bag is not soft and floppy, the experiment will not work. Blot a bag with a paper towel to absorb the moisture and weigh it, if this blotting process is not done it could interfere with the weight readings creating inaccurate information. After the bags of the solutions are prepared, they will be placed into five different beakers with different solutions. Beakers 1-4 will be filled with tap water and the fifth beaker is filled with 40% sucrose and water. Fill each beaker with just enough water or solution so that the bag is covered and place the bags in the beakers simultaneously and record each time. Every 10 min the bags are to be taken out, looted, and weighed again before returning them back into their respective beaker for another 10 min. The process is repeated until you have reached 90 min. The weights should be recorded in grams (g). Results Table 1 shows the contents of the bags and the content of the concentration it was submersed in. Bags 2-4 each contain a solution of both sucrose and water. These bags were each put into beakers containing hypersonic solution. These bags gained weight over time because the water moved from its high concentration inside the beaker to the low concentration inside the membrane of he artificial cell, the membrane being the bags that consisted of dialysis tubing. The water will continue to move through the pores of the dialysis tubing into the concentration of water is the same in the beaker as well as inside the artificial cell. Bag 1, consisting of water, was also put into a breaker containing water. The weight of this bag remains the same because it was placed in an isotonic solution, where the concentration of water was the same. Because of this, osmosis does not occur. The last bag (bag 5) contained only water whereas the beaker it was immersed in was a solution of sucrose. The solution is a hypersonic solution because the concentration of water was higher inside the artificial cell then outside the cell membrane, inside the beaker. Because of this, the weight of bag 5 decreased as time went on because water was constantly leaving the bag through the pores of the dialysis tubing in an attempt to make the concentration of water equal inside and outside of the bag. As you can see from the results plotted in Graph 1, the bags that were put into a hypotonic solution gained weight over time, whereas the bag that was put into a hypersonic solution lost weight over time. Conclusion/ Discussion As you look over the results of this experiment it is clear that indeed osmosis does occur in an artificial cell with a permeable membrane made of dialysis tubing. As the data shows, the artificial cells that were placed in hypotonic solutions had a gain in weight, the artificial cell that was placed in a hypersonic solution lost weight, and the cell placed in an isotonic solution stayed the same. The amount of weight gained or lost depends on how concentrated the solutions are, and this did not show in our results (Graph 1). The rate of diffusion or osmosis is dependent on such factors as temperature, partial size, and the incineration gradient (General Biology I Laboratory experiments and exercises pig. -1). The cell containing 60% sucrose should have ended up being heavier than the cells containing 20% and 40% sucrose, but an error must have occurred during our lab that changed the data that was collected. All in all, the results still prove our hypothesis that osmosis does occur in artificial cells. This means that when an artificial cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will gain weight. If an artificial cell is placed in a hypersonic solution it will lose weight, and if it is placed in an isotonic solution it will stay the same. Osmosis Lab Report Sample Osmosis Lab Report Paper Living organisms tend towards balance with their environment. Cells achieve this through diffusion. This is the random movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion. Osmosis is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. During osmosis, water molecules diffuse through the membrane from a region of higher water potential to lower water potential until equilibrium is reached. (1) In this lab, the idea was to see how the mass changed as osmosis occurred and water flowed into or out of the potato. Hypothesis: Our hypothesis was If the sucrose levels in the water are high, then the osmosis will occur at a less frequent rate. However, if the concentration of the solution is less than that of the potato (like in distilled water), then the mass of the potato will increase. Independent and Dependent Variable: The independent variable in this lab was the sucrose concentration. The dependent variable in this lab was the mass of the potato slice. Control Group and Controlled Variables: The control group included the cup that was just water, no sucrose. To ensure hat the experiment was valid, we had to control several things to make SUre that the conditions and results would be the same. These variables were the time the potato strips were in the solution, the amount of solution the potato strips were immersed in, the size of the potato strips, the types of cups, and the temperature in the room. Materials: In this lab the materials that we used were potatoes, sucrose solution, balance scale, paper towels, plastic cups, and a plastic knife. Procedure: First, we were to prepare a stock solution of 1. MM sucrose. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then we repeated these past steps for the other sucrose solutions. After each set of potato slice was soaked for 25-30 minutes, we removed them from the cups and blotted them gently on a paper towel. Finally, their final mass was recorded and we were able to calculate the percent change in mass. Data Collection: observed that the potatoes that showed a positive change in mass looked more swollen, and the potatoes that showed a negative change in mass looked more shrunken. All of the potatoes, however, were soggy and slimy. Conclusion: Based on the lab results, you are able to conclude that the more sucrose a incineration has, the less osmosis takes place. Also, after a certain amount of sucrose concentration, osmosis begins to work in the opposite way. One is able to conclude this because in the graph above, the first few intervals show that overall the potato strips gained mass, meaning that more water went into the cells, but then they begin losing mass, meaning water left the cells. In the hypothesis we said that as the sucrose concentration increased, the mass of the potatoes would decrease and it did. We also said that when the concentration of he solution was less than the concentration of the potato, the mass would increase, and we can see an increase in mass for concentrations of 0. 0 M sucrose (distilled water), 0. 2 M sucrose, and 0. 4 M sucrose. From this, we can conclude that the potato has a sucrose concentration of greater that 0. 4 M. Osmosis occurs when there is a concentration gradient, and water flows from a high to low concentration. In solutions that had no sucrose, there are high concentrations of water, especially when compared to a potato, so water would go into the potato. While solutions with high sucrose concentrations had low water concentration, and so water would leave the potato and try to balance the amount of sucrose. The method of this experiment had a few issues, especially because we had to change parts of the procedure to adapt to the classroom setting. Instead of each group testing five of their won potato slices, we shared answers. This caused problems and limitations because each potato slice may have been very different in size, causing there to be different rates of osmosis. Osmosis Lab Report Sample Osmosis Lab Report Paper The result was that the more sucrose in the bag, the greater the final mass. Introduction: The reasons for doing this lab are so that we can learn about osmosis with a model similar to a cell and so that we can have a better understanding of the process and nature of osmosis. Osmosis is diffusion but with water molecules. A concentration gradient exists and because of this, diffusion of solutes cant happen. Very select things can pass in and out, such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. In this situation, a large molecule of starch would be dissolved in eater because the molecule is too big to fit through the membranes pores. Since the membrane in permeable to water molecules, it causes the water molecules to diffuse from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. This movement itself is osmosis. To determine if the concentration of solutions is isotonic (solute is equal to the cell), hypotonic (solute is lower outside of the cell), or hypersonic (solute is higher outside of the cell), you measure the total amount of particles in the solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer My hypothesis is: if the alkalis tubing that is filled with sucrose solution and fully emerged in a beaker of distilled water, then the water will seep into the dialysis tubing and the tubing will become a greater mass. The independent variables in this lab are the beakers of distilled water, and the amount of sucrose (0. 2-1 MM). The dependent variables are the final mass of the bag, the change in the mass of the bag, and % change in the mass of the bag. The control is the amount of sucrose solution and distilled water (ml). Methods and Materials: 1. Time Period: * One class period (approximately Air and mini) 2. Subject Studied: * % Change in the mass of the bag 3. Materials Used: * 6 beakers * 1 funnel * CACM soaked dialysis tubing * 12 pieces of string * Balances * Distilled water * Mimi 0. MM Sucrose Solution * 1 mom 0. MM sucrose solution * Mimi 0. MM Sucrose Solution * 1 Iron 0. MM Sucrose Solution * Mimi 1 -MM Sucrose Solution * Mimi Distilled water 4. Procedure: * Number the beakers 1-6. * Gently rub the dialysis tubing between your fingers to open the tubing up. Tie one end of the tubing with a piece of string and fill the tubing with water to test and see if it leaks. Empty out the tubing. Repeat for all six of the dialysis tubing. * Use the medicine cup given to you to measure out ml of each of the solutions and put into its corresponding dialysis bag: Bag to be put in cup # Solution to be put in bag I 1 | Distilled Water I 2 | 0. MM Sucrose I 3 | 0. MM Sucrose I 4 | 0. MM sucrose I 5 | 0. MM Sucrose I 6 | 1. MM Sucrose I * Rinse out the medicine cup between solution uses. Dont forget to gently squeeze out the excess air in bags. * Tie off the other end of all dialysis tubing with a piece of string. Run the bag under water for just a moment. After, gently squeeze the bag to check if it is leaking. If theres a leak, be sure to retie it tightly/ tighter. * Dry the outside of the tubing with a paper towel and use the balance to measure the mass of all 6 bags separately. Record the masses. * Place the bags into their corresponding beakers and fill the beakers with distilled water enough that the dialysis tubing is completely submerged in the distilled water. Wait 30 minutes to let osmosis happen. * After the times up, remove the bag from the beakers, wipe off excess liquid gently, and record the bags masses separately. Record the masses. For all solutions, subtract the initial mass from the final mass to get the change in mass of the bag. Record the positive or negative results. * For all solutions, take the results from the last step and divide it by the initial mass, then multiply it by 1 00 to get the percent change in mass for each bag. Record the percentages. * Calculate the class average % change in mass for each solution. Record results. Results: Discussion: The data is stating that the mass has risen after the 30 minute time period. Osmosis has occurred, because the water molecules have diffused into the dialysis tubing. I have concluded that my hypothesis was correct, since the date reinforces that the mass is greater after being put into the beakers of distilled water. Some sources of error couldve been when we found out that one of our bags was leaking, another would be when the sucrose solution was spilled out of the dialysis tubing and it got all over the outside and we mightnt not wiped off all of the solution off. More errors could be not covering the bags completely with distilled water or not leaving the bags in the beakers for exactly 30 minutes. Some modification that could be made to the lab to improve it could be having he same length of tubing/string, and stopwatches for timing 30 minutes exactly. Also, putting the tubing in at the same time so the timing is all on point could help with accuracy. Questions that came to mind during this lab were; Is the timing correct and how much will it affect the results? Are the solutions of sucrose sitting in the bags waiting while we fill the others going to change/be affected? Are any of the bags leaking or have any excess solution outside of the bag?