LLM in Construction Law

Question: Talk about theConstruction Contract Law for Quashquell Construction. Answer: Issue and Facts QQ is an enlisted property designer situated in UK which in wake of the Brexit submission and diminished interest had chosen in October 2015 that their present place of business at Salford would be exchanged. The firm chose to move to another office on March 1, 2016 arranged in Hull where it bought an old Victorian structure. There was necessity of significant restoration in this structure combined with another focal warming framework. For the restoration works, QQ granted an agreement to Retro Salvagers Ltd (RSL). As a major aspect of the hidden agreement among QQ and RSL, it was concurred that the works must be done by February 25, 2016 as the empty old office must be given over to the new purchaser. Further, moving over to the new office was feasible for QQ just when renovation was finished. Furthermore, the agreement likewise determined that any deferral in culmination by RSL would prompt a lessening in the installment made at the pace of 4.5% of agreement cost every day. RSL cou ldn't complete the work on schedule and subsequently QQ needed to move tasks to an inn which happened to be arranged in the close by region. There was a postponement of ten days during which the all out misfortune borne by QQ was 4,700 regarding rent and 5,000 in benefits. For focal warming framework, Dapar Heating Systems Ltd (DHS) was drawn nearer by QQ for a statement. For the warming framework proposed by DHS, QQ had a ton of questions about the vitality proficiency of the proposed framework however the salesperson from DHS that the framework has prevalent vitality effectiveness and establishment cost would be recoverable inside two years. QQ was dazzled by this viewpoint and chose to go into an agreement with DHS with the cut-off date of establishment being fixed at 25th February. According to the agreement, any deferral over this date independent of the time would prompt a single amount punishment of 1200. The architects of DHS were pre-busy with another work and consequently there was a deferral in the establishment of the framework. The framework was just introduced seven days after the companys office got operational. Accordingly, QQ needed to bring about gradual expenses to the tune of 400 every day. The warming framework introduced broke dow n again following three weeks and consequently for seven days the versatile radiators must be sent by QQ. Later on a physical review being directed by autonomous master, it was uncovered that the warming framework had establishment issues and furthermore had a place with the lower end of the vitality productivity. Because of a gas spill, there was a blast in the warming framework and made misfortune the organization other than the workers. The center issue is to counsel QQ comparable to the potential cases against RSL and DHS thinking about the above realities. Law There are basically two viewpoints in the above case. One identifies with the deferral in the development for which express arrangement has been remembered for the executed agreement with the important gatherings. Considering the significance of time in development contracts, there is generally an express arrangement present in such agreements to manage the deferral in development. If there should be an occurrence of not finishing the development at a specific date plot in the agreement, harms may should be payable by the temporary worker to the customer. These harms are known as sold harms (LD). The LD proviso will in general be helpful for the business as the cash determined could be asserted without really demonstrating the degree of misfortune and furthermore dismisses whether preventive measures were taken by the business or not. For the contractual worker, LD proviso prompts the obsession of the most extreme risk that would should be borne if there should be an occurrence of any deferrals. The LD provision is generally maintained by the courts[1]. Nonetheless, it is basic that the LD proviso must be founded on a sensible gauge of the conceivable misfortune brought about by the business. The English courts don't take into consideration a punishment to be imposed and in such cases may intercede Also, it is basic that the concurred strategy as expressed in the agreement with respect to sees and different conventions should be trailed by the business. Further, the business ought not have been answerable for the deferral caused because of limited access to premises, adjusting administration guidelines in the agreement finish and different postponements for which the temporary worker can't be held responsible[2]. Moreover, there is a second worry corresponding to the non-execution of legally binding obligations by the temporary worker with respect to DHS. In this respects, it is basic that if there is dependence of the business on the aptitude of contractual worker in the determination of products or materials which are of imperative quality principles, at that point the concerned material proposed by the temporary worker ought to be suitable for the utilization indicated by the customer or employer[3]. This is obvious from the decision made in the Young Marten v. McManus Childs[4] case. According to this case, the offended party bought tiles following up on the exhortation of the litigant. In any case, hence these documents were not seen as merchantable because of the inert assembling deformity that these contained. This was in spite of the way that there no express proviso identified with readiness for reason remembered for the contract[5]. In any case, it is basic to take note of this isn' t the situation when the customer has looked for a specialist counsel before settling on a decision. This is clear from the choice made in the Rotherham MBC v. Haslam Milan Co Ltd[6] case. Likewise, according to the merchandise or administrations gave, it is basic to follow the arrangements of the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 despite the fact that the equivalent may not be explicitly expressed in the authorized agreement. Notwithstanding, so as to maintain a strategic distance from the equivalent, it is suggested that normalized structures be utilized by the contracting gatherings to go into a legally binding relationship[7]. Also, with respect to carelessness in giving the essential standard of administration, it is very conceivable that the contractual worker may owe commitments to the business both under agreement law and tort law, a circumstance alluded to as simultaneous liabilities[8]. In such manner, Robinson v. PE Jones (Contractors) Ltd[9] case is exceptionally huge. For this situation, it was featured that because of agreement, it couldn't be accepted that the contractual worker likewise owes an obligation to mind consequently. Be that as it may, an elective perspective is given by the choice stretched out in Barclays Bank plc v Fairclough Building LtdNo 2[10] situation where the simultaneous obligation of the temporary worker was maintained and it was decided that obligation to mind consequently emerges in such cases. Subsequently, there is still discussion regarding the matter of simultaneous liabilities. Be that as it may, in cases, where the imperfection in development is not kidding to the point that it has prompted genuine injury, at that point the absolutely monetary misfortune could likewise be considered[11]. Application In light of the given realities and the applicable law, the main issue identifies with the sold harms. In spite of the fact that sold harms are for the most part enforceable, they should be started with the plan to recuperate the possible misfortunes and not be corrective in nature. Concerning the LD statement in the agreement with RSL, the predetermined LD is 4.5% of the agreement worth or 4.5% of 50,000 which adds up to 2,250. In any case, in reality the misfortune endured by QQ because of deferral is 970. Obviously, there is a colossal distinction between the two sums and henceforth it appears to be likely that the court may not uphold the LD proviso as there is a punishment component included by QQ. In any case, there is no data for the situation to propose that the postponement by RSL was by virtue of any impedance or adjustment of value guidelines by QQ. Subsequently, RSL can't guarantee any protection in such manner and would need to represent sensible liquidation harms. In the event of DHS, it is obvious that the sold harms in the agreement are more than sensible and consequently there is no correctional pay associated with the equivalent. Be that as it may, thinking about the idea of the statement, if the postponement was of lesser length and the misfortune brought about by QQ was impressively lesser, it is very conceivable that the equivalent could have been challenged by DHS. Also, it is evident that with respect to the vitality productivity of the warming framework, QQ depended on the guidance from DHS. In any case, assessment from autonomous master later uncovered that the case of DHS with respect to effectiveness wasn't right. Henceforth, in accordance with the choice made in Young Marten v. McManus Childs case, QQ may guarantee installments for the poor vitality effectiveness of the framework. This is in spite of the nonattendance of an express provision viewing vitality productivity as it was a huge worry for QQ as obvious from the discussio ns. Furthermore, harms may likewise be guaranteed for the failures in establishment by DHS whereby it was normal that the temporary worker would agree to the arrangements of the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 and in this way ought to have guaranteed that no omissions would have been done in establishment of the framework. Likewise, it is clear in the given case that because of the carelessness in the establishment of the warming framework as built up by an autonomous master, there was conceivable spillage of gas which inevitably prompted the blast which other than making injury the representatives has additionally caused monetary misfortune as property being harmed because of blast. In view of the case realities, it appears to be evident that the business QQ might have never really stay away from the equivalent and was not likewise mindful of the establishment imperfection when the blast happened. Accordingly, QQ may likewise guarantee harms for the recuperation of the misfortune to property caused because of the blast refering to the decision conveyed in the Barclays Bank plc v Fairclough Building LtdNo 2 case. Sally and Sean: Issue DHS has erroneously introduced the warming framework and because of a gas release, the warming framework detonates which brings about genuine wounds caused to Sally and Sean. The center issue is to offer them exhortation dependent on the above fa

Wind farm coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Wind ranch coursework - Essay Example This report will start by a synopsis giving the foundation and the significant procedures required in the breeze ranch other than arrangement of motivation to put resources into the endeavor. The presentation will join portrayal of the undertaking, its prerequisites, significance preferred position and impediments too. Indeed, sketching out the targets of the report will shape a crucial area of the presentation. Sufficient models for computations, for example, connection, relapse and other factual estimations are utilized and appeared too. This involve all stages extending from the information assortment on the properties of wind in the area to the money related spending estimations. Numerical techniques have been inspected so as to accomplish results from the exact furthest reaches of estimations. Being this was a unique outcome that relied upon factors of various qualities, consolidating presumptions was fundamental to manage the exploration procedure. Expressing the presumptions introduced the models applied all the while and focused on offering rules in the investigation stage. A breeze ranch involves a gathering of wind turbines amassed in the one area at fitting interims and used to produce vitality from wind through change. A more prominent breeze ranch may contain many individual breeze turbines and possess an extended zone of several square meters, however the land in the midst of the turbines may be occupied with rural along with different purposes that don't meddle with the activity of the turbines. Wind power is an ample, broadly flowed vitality asset that has no fuel cost, no antagonistic discharges and water use. Wind’s weaknesses are enormously associated with its adaptable trademark and the component that the best areas for creating wind vitality are constantly discovered removed from significant urban areas and urban focuses. Wind quickness and way can exchange by the season, diurnal and hour and thus request backup from power age destinations

Writing Your Own Essay - Sample Essays For Sample Essays

Writing Your Own Essay - Sample Essays For Sample EssaysWhen I had a job interview, the interviewer asked me to supply samples essays. I had one they could use at the interview to help determine whether or not I was right for the job.What can samples essays really do for your resume? What if you could actually write your own samples? These samples could be short responses to question posed by your interviewer during the interview. The sample can show you how to structure your responses, word choices, and format in a way that will help convey your message effectively.In my experience, it is very easy to come up with samples for samples essays. You need to have all of the information you need to come up with your own essays. This includes writing format, grammar, topic of interest, and even writing technique.Sample essays do take some time to prepare. If you are a person who cannot seem to stay on top of his/her paper, then this may be something that you want to avoid. Some students do not realize that they need to continue to rewrite their essays. If this is the case, then you may want to consider writing your own samples.Writing your own samples can be exciting. It is great to be able to write something you know you can rely on. In many cases, you can find samples online or within your own books. They can often be found in the back of a book, or in a magazine.Writing sample essays can be a fun and easy process. There are few rules to keep in mind while doing so. The most important thing to remember is that you should provide a sample based on information you know but do not remember in full.One tip is to always think in one sentence. Do not worry about using too much information. Make sure your sample is a reflection of the type of candidate you are looking for. Having a one-sentence sample ensures that it does not contain too much info, so that you do not forget any important parts.

What Is a Histogram and How Is One Used

A histogram is a type of graph that has wide applications in statistics. Histograms provide a visual interpretation of numerical data by indicating the number of data points that lie within a range of values.  These ranges of values are called classes or bins. The frequency of the data that falls in each class is depicted by the use of a bar.  The higher that the bar is, the greater the frequency of data values in that bin. Histograms vs. Bar Graphs At first glance, histograms look very similar to bar graphs. Both graphs employ vertical bars to represent data. The height of a bar corresponds to the relative frequency of the amount of data in the class. The higher the bar, the higher the frequency of the data. The lower the bar, the lower the frequency of data. But looks can be deceiving. It is here that the similarities end between the two kinds of graphs. The reason that these kinds of graphs are different has to do with the level of measurement of the data. On one hand, bar graphs are used for data at the nominal level of measurement. Bar graphs measure the frequency of categorical data, and the classes for a bar graph are these categories. On the other hand, histograms are used for data that is at least at the ordinal level of measurement. The classes for a histogram are ranges of values. Another key difference between bar graphs and histograms has to do with the ordering of the bars. In a bar graph, it is common practice to rearrange the bars in order of decreasing height. However, the bars in a histogram cannot be rearranged. They must be displayed in the order that the classes occur. Example of a Histogram The diagram above shows us a histogram. Suppose that four coins are flipped and the results are recorded. The use of the appropriate binomial distribution table or straightforward calculations with the binomial formula shows the probability that no heads are showing is 1/16, the probability that one head is showing is 4/16. The probability of two heads is 6/16. The probability of three heads is 4/16. The probability of four heads is 1/16. We construct a total of five classes, each of width one. These classes correspond to the number of heads possible: zero, one, two, three or four. Above each class, we draw a vertical bar or rectangle. The heights of these bars correspond to the probabilities mentioned for our probability experiment of flipping four coins and counting the heads. Histograms and Probabilities The above example not only demonstrates the construction of a histogram, but it also shows that discrete probability distributions can be represented with a histogram. Indeed, and discrete probability distribution can be represented by a histogram. To construct a histogram that represents a probability distribution, we begin by selecting the classes. These should be the outcomes of a probability experiment. The width of each of these classes should be one unit. The heights of the bars of the histogram are the probabilities for each of the outcomes. With a histogram constructed in such a way, the areas of the bars are also probabilities. Since this sort of histogram gives us probabilities, it is subject to a couple of conditions. One stipulation is that only nonnegative numbers can be used for the scale that gives us the height of a given bar of the histogram. A second condition is that since the probability is equal to the area, all of the areas of the bars must add up to a total of one, equivalent to 100%. Histograms and Other Applications The bars in a histogram do not need to be probabilities. Histograms are helpful in areas other than probability. Anytime that we wish to compare the frequency of occurrence of quantitative data a histogram can be used to depict our data set.

Saudi Arabian And Mexican Health Care Delivery Systems

Health Care Access: An Analysis of Saudi Arabian and Mexican Health Care Delivery Systems Access to equal health care is essential for a country to thrive and flourish. Equal access to health care means that all citizens receive the same health care services regardless of race, religion, gender, and socioeconomic status. Unfortunately, health care disparities and unequal access to care is often what many cultures experience. This paper will compare and contrast two very different societies, Saudi Arabia and Mexico. The comparison will analyze health care delivery systems, the accessibility to health care, and the health status of the citizens of Saudi Arabia and Mexico. The analysis will include methods employed by the two countries to improve accessibility and therefore improving quality of health care for their citizens. Saudi Arabian Health Care Delivery System Prior to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia s established reign, health care was sought out by local traditional healers. Saud i Arabia became a kingdom in 1932 and one of the first decrees set by King Abdulaziz was to establish a public health department in Mecca. The public health departments objectives were to promote and monitor free health care for Saudi citizens as well as pilgrims from other Muslim countries who came to Mecca for the Hajj journey made by all followers of Islam. The public health department implemented many hospitals and dispensaries; however, there was not enough funding to sustain andShow MoreRelatedInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pages10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. 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Business Law and Ethics Physicians and Professio Essay Example For Students

Business Law and Ethics : Physicians and Professio Essay nal Secrecy Introduction Our law enforcement officials have a duty to protect citizens as well as discourage crimes from taking place. Our health care officials also have a duty to provide the best care possible to those who need it. Often enough, there have been many cases where both parties have come in contrast with each other on different levels of professionalism. The ultimate debate arises when doctors and law enforcement take into account the respect and privacy of patients. One of the issues that will be discussed in the paper focuses on the importance of doctors having to report gunshot wounds to the police. Many issues of ethics and morality come into play when judging which party is in favor. In our opinion, we believe that physicians should report patients that come in with gunshot wounds for reasons of discouraging criminal acts, protecting our society, and preventing future violence from taking place. This paper will explore the many moral, ethical and legal responsibilities of a physician, and analyze why it is important for them to report gunshot wounds to the police. Contrary to the Code of Ethics of Physicians and the Medical Act, we believe there is a pressing issue for public concern that is being strongly overlooked in this matter. We will explore the areas of human rights, professional secrecy, civil responsibilities, as well as patient consent in order to justify our claim. The Law Article 9 of The Charter of Human Rights and Freedom states that, No person bound to professional secrecy should disclose confidential information and that the tribunal will ensure professional secrecy is respected. We strongly believe this statement should not apply to gunshot wounds because it depicts that the law would only be protecting one person over society as a whole. A gunshot wound should not be bound by professional secrecy since; even professionals can determine a gunshot wound and it is not revealing a patients confidential information other than his condition. When a gun has been discharged the government has an obligation to protect society. In essence, the most important issues to consider in disclosure of confidential information are that the police have a specific role as well in protecting the well being of society. The police are responsible for assessing the risk posed by members of the public who are armed. Therefore, they have a need to consider the risk of further harm to those in the surrounding area. With the upscale growth of firearm violence throughout the country, police say hospitals have become safe havens for people who break the law, but some doctors say patient confidentiality trumps the need to report gunshot wounds. Most physicians recognize the narrow public health and safety obligations to report a patients communicable diseases, gunshot wounds, signs of child abuse, or serious violent intentionssocially motivated exceptions to traditional pledges of confidentiality. As these social issues immerge, we believe it is best for society to inform the authorities of any crime. Many argue that a patient with a gunshot wound may himself have been part of gunfire and would therefore be discouraged from obtaining medical help if physicians were to report the wound. However, shouldnt a law protect society over one individual? When a patient is brought to the hospital for a gunshot wound it is crucial to take into account that the criminal is perhaps still at large and may harm someone else; that is, if the law enforcement is not informed. Forty-five American states have some form of law providing for mandatory reporting of gunshot or other wounds. The Code of Medical Ethics states that the information disclosed to a physician during the course of the patient-physician relationship is confidential to the utmost degree, however they have permitted disclosures. Furthermore, article 20.1 of the Professional Code of Physicians, argues, A physician, in order to maintain professional secrecy, must keep confidential the information obtained in the practice of his profession. Again, we understand the importance of non disclosure of important information relevant to any patients privacy, however when their condition becomes a matter of public order it is important that those in the public should be protected against any harm that might be .

Osmosis Lab Report Sample

Osmosis Lab Report Paper The progress in which a cell is in its balanced state is called equilibrium. Diffusion is a functioning way for cells to reach their equilibrium. Equilibrium is reached by controlling what enters and exits the cell through a cell membrane that selectively filters molecules by slowing down their movement, allowing them to pass through, or not allowing them to pass through the membrane. Diffusion and osmosis go hand-in-hand. Osmosis is generally the same as diffusion, however, deals solely with water. Osmotic pressure is the pressure of a solution against a semi-permeable membrane to prevent water from flowing into the membrane. In this lab, we are going to study ethnicity; ethnicity is the measure of this osmotic pressure and is the differential of pressure twine two solutions separated by a selective membrane. To help identify the relative concentrations of solute particles of different solutions, we must understand that there are three possible differences in concentrations between a cell and its environment. The terms hypotonic, hypersonic, and isotonic are used in referring to the identification of the possible relative concentrations. The first term, hypotonic, is the solution that contains lower concentrations of solute particles, which means that the concentration inside the cell is greater than the concentration outside. A hypotonic solution causes the cell to swell in size. The second term, hypersonic, is the solution that contains higher concentration of solute particles, which means that the concentration of the cell is less than that outside the cell. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A hypersonic solution causes the cell to shrink in size. Lastly, the third term, isotonic, is the solution in which the cell stays the same, which means concentrations inside and outside the cell are equal, so water enters and exits the cell equally resulting in equilibrium. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this lab is to identify each egg in its relative concentration of solute particles of different lotions as either a hypotonic, a hypersonic, or an isotonic solution based on the change in each eggs mass from time 0 to time 60 in minutes. With that, ones aim is to find the concentration of the unknown solution given by the instructor, and to identify at which point an isotonic solution occurs. HYPOTHESIS: If an egg is placed in a hypotonic solution, then the egg will increase in water mass and swell. If an egg is placed in a hypersonic solution, then the egg will decrease in water mass and shrink. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE: In order to proceed in the experiment, the following materials were obtained: 6 e-shelled eggs Scale Weighing trays Paper towels Timer Beakers of solutions containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, sucrose and an unknown solution To begin this experiment, first each group was given six De- shelled eggs, a scale, weighing trays, paper towels, a timer, and beakers of solutions containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% sucrose, and an unknown solution. To get this lab started, the scale was first plugged in. Once the scale was plugged and ready for use, we placed the weighing trays on the scale and tarred it to zero, so that the trays weight wouldnt have any impact on the weights of the eggs. After the weighing trays were tarred, each egg was placed atop the trays and the initial weight of the eggs were measured and recorded in lab notebooks under results in Table 1 Chart. Correspondingly, each of the six De-shelled eggs were placed in the various solution concentrations, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% sucrose, and an unknown solution. After being merged in the various concentration solutions for fifteen minutes, the eggs were then taken out of the beaker-filled solutions, patted dry with paper towels, and weighed. The new weights of the eggs were again recorded in lab notebooks under Table 1 Chart. This process was repeated in fifteen minutes intervals from time zero to time 60 minutes. Thereafter, the values in the chart for Table 2 was calculated by subtracting the weight at any time intervals 15, 30, 45, or 60, from the initial weight to get the total change with respect to time. Osmosis Lab Report Sample Osmosis Lab Report Paper The resulting weights were recorded and the data was graphed. We then could draw conclusions on the lab. Introduction Diffusion and Osmosis are two concepts that go hand in hand with each other. Diffusion is simply described as the movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. In another words, the substance will move down its concentration gradient which is the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases (Campbell Biology pig. 132). If you understand the concept of diffusion then osmosis is a very simple process. It can be defined as the diffusion of water across a permeable membrane. Osmosis can be cellular or artificial, so even though we are creating artificial cells in this lab, it is still considered to be osmosis. During osmosis, a solvent is trying to get through a selectively permeable membrane to make the concentration of that solvent the same on both sides of the membrane. The rate of osmosis depends on the type of environment the cell is in. There are three different environments that a cell can find itself in, a hypersonic environment, a hypotonic environment, or an isotonic environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The environment a cell is in will determine its tonic which is the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose weight (Campbell Biology pig. 133). In a hypersonic solution, the cell will lose water, shrivel up, and most likely die (Campbell Biology pig. 133). The reason this happens is because there is a higher concentration of water in the cell then there is in the environment the cell is in. Like I said before, water travels down its concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration. So the water inside the cell will cross the membrane and enter into the solution outside the cell and it will continue to do this until the concentration inside the cell membrane and outside the cell membrane are equal. The opposite of this would be if the cell was in a solution that is hypotonic to the cell. In a hypotonic solution, Water would enter the cell faster than it leaves and the cell will swell up and else (burst) (Campbell Biology pig. 134). This will also cause the cell to die. Both a hypersonic and hypotonic solution are very harmful to cell and in most cases will cause the death of the cell. A solution that a cell wants to be in is an isotonic solution. If the concentration of water in the cell and in the surrounding environment is equal, there will be no net movement of water across the membrane and therefore the cell will not shrivel up or swell up. ). An experiment has been conducted to find out whether or not osmosis is occurring by using artificial cells made of dialysis tubing. To test this hypothesis the experiment will show the change in weight of each artificial cell across a 90 minute time span. The experiment will also show which type of environment (as previously stated) each cell is placed in and taken out of to be weighed. Materials and Methods This experiment will look at the effects of various sucrose concentrations on the rate of osmosis in artificial cells made up of dialysis tubing. To begin the experiment one strip of dialysis tubing will be filled with mol of tap water, the second will be filed with mol of 20% sucrose, the third with mol of sucrose, the fourth with mol of 60% sucrose, and the fifth bag will be filled with mol of tap water also. The dialysis tubing will be clamped at one end in order to fill it and then clamped at the other end to seal the filled bag. If the bag is not soft and floppy, the experiment will not work. Blot a bag with a paper towel to absorb the moisture and weigh it, if this blotting process is not done it could interfere with the weight readings creating inaccurate information. After the bags of the solutions are prepared, they will be placed into five different beakers with different solutions. Beakers 1-4 will be filled with tap water and the fifth beaker is filled with 40% sucrose and water. Fill each beaker with just enough water or solution so that the bag is covered and place the bags in the beakers simultaneously and record each time. Every 10 min the bags are to be taken out, looted, and weighed again before returning them back into their respective beaker for another 10 min. The process is repeated until you have reached 90 min. The weights should be recorded in grams (g). Results Table 1 shows the contents of the bags and the content of the concentration it was submersed in. Bags 2-4 each contain a solution of both sucrose and water. These bags were each put into beakers containing hypersonic solution. These bags gained weight over time because the water moved from its high concentration inside the beaker to the low concentration inside the membrane of he artificial cell, the membrane being the bags that consisted of dialysis tubing. The water will continue to move through the pores of the dialysis tubing into the concentration of water is the same in the beaker as well as inside the artificial cell. Bag 1, consisting of water, was also put into a breaker containing water. The weight of this bag remains the same because it was placed in an isotonic solution, where the concentration of water was the same. Because of this, osmosis does not occur. The last bag (bag 5) contained only water whereas the beaker it was immersed in was a solution of sucrose. The solution is a hypersonic solution because the concentration of water was higher inside the artificial cell then outside the cell membrane, inside the beaker. Because of this, the weight of bag 5 decreased as time went on because water was constantly leaving the bag through the pores of the dialysis tubing in an attempt to make the concentration of water equal inside and outside of the bag. As you can see from the results plotted in Graph 1, the bags that were put into a hypotonic solution gained weight over time, whereas the bag that was put into a hypersonic solution lost weight over time. Conclusion/ Discussion As you look over the results of this experiment it is clear that indeed osmosis does occur in an artificial cell with a permeable membrane made of dialysis tubing. As the data shows, the artificial cells that were placed in hypotonic solutions had a gain in weight, the artificial cell that was placed in a hypersonic solution lost weight, and the cell placed in an isotonic solution stayed the same. The amount of weight gained or lost depends on how concentrated the solutions are, and this did not show in our results (Graph 1). The rate of diffusion or osmosis is dependent on such factors as temperature, partial size, and the incineration gradient (General Biology I Laboratory experiments and exercises pig. -1). The cell containing 60% sucrose should have ended up being heavier than the cells containing 20% and 40% sucrose, but an error must have occurred during our lab that changed the data that was collected. All in all, the results still prove our hypothesis that osmosis does occur in artificial cells. This means that when an artificial cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will gain weight. If an artificial cell is placed in a hypersonic solution it will lose weight, and if it is placed in an isotonic solution it will stay the same. Osmosis Lab Report Sample Osmosis Lab Report Paper Living organisms tend towards balance with their environment. Cells achieve this through diffusion. This is the random movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion. Osmosis is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. During osmosis, water molecules diffuse through the membrane from a region of higher water potential to lower water potential until equilibrium is reached. (1) In this lab, the idea was to see how the mass changed as osmosis occurred and water flowed into or out of the potato. Hypothesis: Our hypothesis was If the sucrose levels in the water are high, then the osmosis will occur at a less frequent rate. However, if the concentration of the solution is less than that of the potato (like in distilled water), then the mass of the potato will increase. Independent and Dependent Variable: The independent variable in this lab was the sucrose concentration. The dependent variable in this lab was the mass of the potato slice. Control Group and Controlled Variables: The control group included the cup that was just water, no sucrose. To ensure hat the experiment was valid, we had to control several things to make SUre that the conditions and results would be the same. These variables were the time the potato strips were in the solution, the amount of solution the potato strips were immersed in, the size of the potato strips, the types of cups, and the temperature in the room. Materials: In this lab the materials that we used were potatoes, sucrose solution, balance scale, paper towels, plastic cups, and a plastic knife. Procedure: First, we were to prepare a stock solution of 1. MM sucrose. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then we repeated these past steps for the other sucrose solutions. After each set of potato slice was soaked for 25-30 minutes, we removed them from the cups and blotted them gently on a paper towel. Finally, their final mass was recorded and we were able to calculate the percent change in mass. Data Collection: observed that the potatoes that showed a positive change in mass looked more swollen, and the potatoes that showed a negative change in mass looked more shrunken. All of the potatoes, however, were soggy and slimy. Conclusion: Based on the lab results, you are able to conclude that the more sucrose a incineration has, the less osmosis takes place. Also, after a certain amount of sucrose concentration, osmosis begins to work in the opposite way. One is able to conclude this because in the graph above, the first few intervals show that overall the potato strips gained mass, meaning that more water went into the cells, but then they begin losing mass, meaning water left the cells. In the hypothesis we said that as the sucrose concentration increased, the mass of the potatoes would decrease and it did. We also said that when the concentration of he solution was less than the concentration of the potato, the mass would increase, and we can see an increase in mass for concentrations of 0. 0 M sucrose (distilled water), 0. 2 M sucrose, and 0. 4 M sucrose. From this, we can conclude that the potato has a sucrose concentration of greater that 0. 4 M. Osmosis occurs when there is a concentration gradient, and water flows from a high to low concentration. In solutions that had no sucrose, there are high concentrations of water, especially when compared to a potato, so water would go into the potato. While solutions with high sucrose concentrations had low water concentration, and so water would leave the potato and try to balance the amount of sucrose. The method of this experiment had a few issues, especially because we had to change parts of the procedure to adapt to the classroom setting. Instead of each group testing five of their won potato slices, we shared answers. This caused problems and limitations because each potato slice may have been very different in size, causing there to be different rates of osmosis. Osmosis Lab Report Sample Osmosis Lab Report Paper The result was that the more sucrose in the bag, the greater the final mass. Introduction: The reasons for doing this lab are so that we can learn about osmosis with a model similar to a cell and so that we can have a better understanding of the process and nature of osmosis. Osmosis is diffusion but with water molecules. A concentration gradient exists and because of this, diffusion of solutes cant happen. Very select things can pass in and out, such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. In this situation, a large molecule of starch would be dissolved in eater because the molecule is too big to fit through the membranes pores. Since the membrane in permeable to water molecules, it causes the water molecules to diffuse from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. This movement itself is osmosis. To determine if the concentration of solutions is isotonic (solute is equal to the cell), hypotonic (solute is lower outside of the cell), or hypersonic (solute is higher outside of the cell), you measure the total amount of particles in the solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer My hypothesis is: if the alkalis tubing that is filled with sucrose solution and fully emerged in a beaker of distilled water, then the water will seep into the dialysis tubing and the tubing will become a greater mass. The independent variables in this lab are the beakers of distilled water, and the amount of sucrose (0. 2-1 MM). The dependent variables are the final mass of the bag, the change in the mass of the bag, and % change in the mass of the bag. The control is the amount of sucrose solution and distilled water (ml). Methods and Materials: 1. Time Period: * One class period (approximately Air and mini) 2. Subject Studied: * % Change in the mass of the bag 3. Materials Used: * 6 beakers * 1 funnel * CACM soaked dialysis tubing * 12 pieces of string * Balances * Distilled water * Mimi 0. MM Sucrose Solution * 1 mom 0. MM sucrose solution * Mimi 0. MM Sucrose Solution * 1 Iron 0. MM Sucrose Solution * Mimi 1 -MM Sucrose Solution * Mimi Distilled water 4. Procedure: * Number the beakers 1-6. * Gently rub the dialysis tubing between your fingers to open the tubing up. Tie one end of the tubing with a piece of string and fill the tubing with water to test and see if it leaks. Empty out the tubing. Repeat for all six of the dialysis tubing. * Use the medicine cup given to you to measure out ml of each of the solutions and put into its corresponding dialysis bag: Bag to be put in cup # Solution to be put in bag I 1 | Distilled Water I 2 | 0. MM Sucrose I 3 | 0. MM Sucrose I 4 | 0. MM sucrose I 5 | 0. MM Sucrose I 6 | 1. MM Sucrose I * Rinse out the medicine cup between solution uses. Dont forget to gently squeeze out the excess air in bags. * Tie off the other end of all dialysis tubing with a piece of string. Run the bag under water for just a moment. After, gently squeeze the bag to check if it is leaking. If theres a leak, be sure to retie it tightly/ tighter. * Dry the outside of the tubing with a paper towel and use the balance to measure the mass of all 6 bags separately. Record the masses. * Place the bags into their corresponding beakers and fill the beakers with distilled water enough that the dialysis tubing is completely submerged in the distilled water. Wait 30 minutes to let osmosis happen. * After the times up, remove the bag from the beakers, wipe off excess liquid gently, and record the bags masses separately. Record the masses. For all solutions, subtract the initial mass from the final mass to get the change in mass of the bag. Record the positive or negative results. * For all solutions, take the results from the last step and divide it by the initial mass, then multiply it by 1 00 to get the percent change in mass for each bag. Record the percentages. * Calculate the class average % change in mass for each solution. Record results. Results: Discussion: The data is stating that the mass has risen after the 30 minute time period. Osmosis has occurred, because the water molecules have diffused into the dialysis tubing. I have concluded that my hypothesis was correct, since the date reinforces that the mass is greater after being put into the beakers of distilled water. Some sources of error couldve been when we found out that one of our bags was leaking, another would be when the sucrose solution was spilled out of the dialysis tubing and it got all over the outside and we mightnt not wiped off all of the solution off. More errors could be not covering the bags completely with distilled water or not leaving the bags in the beakers for exactly 30 minutes. Some modification that could be made to the lab to improve it could be having he same length of tubing/string, and stopwatches for timing 30 minutes exactly. Also, putting the tubing in at the same time so the timing is all on point could help with accuracy. Questions that came to mind during this lab were; Is the timing correct and how much will it affect the results? Are the solutions of sucrose sitting in the bags waiting while we fill the others going to change/be affected? Are any of the bags leaking or have any excess solution outside of the bag?

Apposition Definitions and Examples

Apposition Definitions and Examples Apposition is the placement side-by-side of two coordinate elements (usually noun phrases), the second of which serves to identify or rename the first. Adjective: appositional. In his study of Apposition in Contemporary English (1992), Charles F. Meyer observes that the relation of apposition is realized by a variety of syntactic forms, noun phrases predominantly but other syntactic forms as well. Although these forms can have a full range of syntactic functions, they most commonly have two: subject and object (p. 10).   Etymology: From the Latin, to put nearExamples and Observations: Gussie, a glutton for punishment, stared at himself in the mirror.(P.G. Wodehouse, Right Ho, Jeeves, 1934)The sidewalk just outside the Casino was strewn with discarded tickets, the chaff of wasted hope.(Jonathan Lethem, Motherless Brooklyn. Doubleday, 1999)Miniver Cheevy, child of scorn,grew lean while he assailed the seasons.(E.A. Robinson, Miniver Cheevy)The undistinguished example that fronts the Duke of Wellington pub is serviced by the pigeon man, an elderly stooped figure entirely in brown: from his flat cap, through his greasy raincoat, to his worn shoes, he is the color of Daddies Own sauce scraped from a formica table.(Iain Sinclair, Lights Out for the Territory. Granta Books, 1997)This was not Aunt Dahlia, my good and kindly aunt, but my Aunt Agatha, the one who chews broken bottles and kills rats with her teeth.(P.G. Wodehouse)This is a valley of ashesa fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens; where ashes take the forms of ho uses and chimneys and rising smoke and finally, with a transcendent effort, of ash-grey men, who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air.(F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, 1925) It was a bleak period of present privation and threatening disasterthe period of soya beans and Basic Englishand in consequence the book is infused with a kind of gluttony, for food and wine, for the splendors of the recent past, and for rhetorical and ornamental language, which now with a full stomach I find distasteful.(Evelyn Waugh in 1959 on his wartime novel Brideshead Revisited)The sentencethe dread sentence of deathwas the last of distinct accentuation which reached my ears.(Edgar Allan Poe, The Pit and the Pendulum, 1842)Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins.(Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita) Syntactic Characteristics of Apposition Syntactically, apposition is most commonly a relation between two juxtaposed noun phrases having a syntactic function (such as direct object) promoting end-weight.Although units in apposition can have a variety of different syntactic forms, the majority of appositions in the corpora (66 percent) consisted of units that were noun phrases. (1) Desegregation is beginning in two more important Southern citiesDallas and Atlanta. (Brown B09 850-860) Because appositions are syntactically heavy constructions, most (65 percent) had functions that promote end-weight, most commonly direct object (example 2) or object of preposition (example 3). (2) A plug and a tube with holes in its cylindrical walls divided the chamber above the porous plug into two parts. This arrangement had the purpose to prevent heated gas to reach the thermocouple by natural convection. (Brown J02 900-30)(3) The heart is suspended in a special portion of the coelom, the pericardium, whose walls are supported by cartilage. (SEU W.9.7.91-1) . . . [M]ost appositions (89 percent) were juxtaposed. . . . Even though more than two units can be in apposition, most appositions (92 percent) were single appositions consisting of only two units.(Charles F. Meyer, Apposition in Contemporary English. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992) An Interrupter Although the appositive does not disturb the natural flow of the sentence as violently as parenthetical expressions do (mainly because the appositive is grammatically coordinate with the unit that it follows), it does interrupt the flow of the sentence, interrupts the flow to supply some gratuitous information or explanation.(Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, Oxford Univ. Press, 1999) Appositive Exercises: Practice in Identifying AppositivesSentence Building with Appositives

Analysis Of George Orwells 1984 English Literature Essay

Analysis Of George Orwells 1984 English Literature Essay â€Å"George Orwell’s was born in India, the second child of Richard Wellesley Blair and Ida Mabel Limonzin. In 1904 Orwell moved with his mother and sister sngland, where he attended Eton. His first writings Orwell published in college periodicals. During these years Orwell developed his antipathy towards the English class systems.† (Blair, â€Å"George Orwell† P.2) In 1922 Orwell began to experience what life was like, when he went to Burma to server in the Indian imperial police he began to understand the types of government that dictated the views of many societies such as the imperial rule which led to his resignation as assistant superintendent. After his journey in Burma, Orwell returned to Europe but he was poor and had no money, no college degree and thus couldn’t find any job or anyone to help him financially. In order to understand society better Orwell attempted to get himself arrested as a drunk one night in order to get a better understand o f life in prison, which would perhaps give him an inside into the human mind about exactly what makes a person do a crime and how their psychology changes once they go to prison. This helped him focus his efforts when he wrote 1984 because he explores how a socialist world controlled by big world and allows the thoughts of the main character (Winston) to be able to be read by the audience. The most important part of his life that affected 1984 the most was when in 1930 Orwell decided to adopt socialistic views. â€Å"He fought alongside the United Workers Marxist Party militia and was shot through the throat by a Francoist sniper’s bullet† (Blair, â€Å"George Orwell† P.3) During chaos when Stalinists captured his friends he luckily escaped, the war made him a strong opponent of communism as an advocate of the English brand of socialism. Orwell also opposed a war with Germany, but he condemned fascism and during World War II he served as a sergeant in the Home G uard and worked as a journalist for the television broadcasting company BBC. His first satire titled The Animal Farm was perhaps the wittiest novels ever published were not only was there humor, but there was also a strong scent of hate towards the Russian revolution. This let him to 1984 which was a very bitter protest against the nightmarish future and corruption of the truth and free speech of the modern world. Orwell’s life not only created a masterpiece of works that sound like something that would happen in real life, but for his time he had an amazing imagination for constructing a world controlled by one man, and were no one could be trusted and the life of the party depended on the corruption of historical documents and lying to the people. Main Characters: Winston Smith: Winston is the novels protagonist. He is thirty nine years old and works in the Ministry of Love correcting historical errors. Smith has an ulcer on his leg which prevents him from walking long dist ances as that irritates it and causes pain. He also dislikes the party, and hopes to find someone who shares his enthusiasm for finding a way to liberate his people from the dictatorship of Big Brother. Winston truly believes that he could save the world from the Big Brother party and puts himself in peril by joining O’Brien and at the novels resolution is betrayed, loses his beloved Julia and ends loving Big Brother and the party. His aspiration is was to be able to change what the party has done to the world and be able to live freely without oppression.

Inclusion in Special Needs Education Research Paper

Inclusion in Special Needs Education - Research Paper Example Discussion According to Ballard (1997: 244): Inclusive education is understood as a non-discriminatory practice of providing individuals of whatever age, color, ethnicity, culture, gender, or even disability the equal treatment they deserve at classroom setting and the school community (Ballard, 1997). These learners are given equal rights and involve all students in a community. There are no exceptions to access the culturally valued curriculum of their society whatever may be the intellectual, physical, sensory or other differences they may have. They are treated as full-time valued members of society. Inclusion accepts and practices diversity in the assimilation process. Colonization of minority experiences by prevailing and popular culture, thoughts and actions are as much as possible diminished (Ballard, 1997). There were set unique characteristics of integration as against inclusion. Integration involves the provision of support to students with special needs in the same mainst ream classes where regular and disabled children are educated side-by-side (Farrell, 2010). Inclusion, on the other hand, poses a major restructuring of schools to inherently educate all students in the communities. Ballard (1997) recommended that physical education teachers and their trainers should establish clear contexts for their work based upon ethos committed to fundamental restructuring and adaptation of existing policies, learning, teaching, and assessment practices. It is important that teachers are adequately prepared to meet the special needs of children. The teachers should be responsive to a diverse range of pupil needs to address inclusive education. In the mid-1990s, the rights of all learners (including young disabled people and those with special educational needs (SEN)) to experience education alongside their age peers in a mainstream, rather than segregated, settings has increasingly become a defining feature of government policy in many countries (Farrell, 2010) . The Salamanca Statement on inclusive education (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1994), has many governments committed to providing a more inclusive education system based on an accepted ideological assumption that all children should have a fundamental right and equal opportunity to experience education in mainstream schools (Barton, 2009). The Salamanca Statement specified the inclusion of all young disabled people and those with special educational needs in mainstream settings. Mainstream schools must accommodate all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic and other conditions (Garner, 2009). Implementation It was suggested that hiring well-prepared teachers with sufficient training or experience with SEN pupils is important for mainstream inclusion (Sachteleben, 2010). These teachers are well-versed on available resources online and use of technologies that aid in addressing SEN pupils. Continuing educ ation for capable mainstream teachers may also be adopted. But most importantly, capable teachers should be properly benefitted to make them stay in the school and in the profession.

Organisational Behaviour and Development-Assessment Task No 2 Essay

Organisational Behaviour and Development-Assessment Task No 2 - Essay Example These are the questions we will seek to address in this report and attempt to provide solutions based on various researches. Emotions in the workplace have a profound effect on everything we do as it affects thoughts and behaviors. On the other hand, attitudes are a representation of beliefs, feelings and behavioral intentions towards a person, object or event and involve conscious logical reasoning unlike emotions which occur as events often without awareness. Emotions affect workplace attitudes. In the workplace as we interact with co-workers, individuals experience a variety of emotions that shape our feelings towards the company, the job itself and our bosses. The most common of this attitude researched about in the work place are job satisfaction and organizational commitment (Workplace emotions and attitudes, n.d). From our case study, Fran’s Hayden suffered significant adverse effects at Dairy engineering arising substantially from job satisfaction and job role expectat ions. Job satisfaction represents an individual’s evaluation of their job and work content (Workplace, n.d). Frans expectations were affirmed from Peter Bruton her boss, Rob the chief accountant and herself. First we learn that Fran’s was interested in a position in the dairy engineering in the hope that she will gain practical experiences in addition to the higher salary. She was offered a position she knew she will not enjoy but still went ahead and accepted it. she was told her work will entail compiling the monthly report known as â€Å"big brother† but later she found her work was entirely clerical which made her wonder why MIS needed her yet she had very little to do in that department. Obviously Fran’s expectations of practical experience were not met. The other problems identified from the case study that made it unbearable for Fran is the poor organizational structure of dairy engineering. Every organization has components that require profession al and effective management. The key components of an organization are people and structure. Formal organizational structures are hierarchical with people at each level having their own objectives and people at the lower levels report to higher level managers. This system has the principle of unity of command inbuilt in it. This determines the efficiency of the organization which depends on the free flow of information, efficient communication system, well defined authority and responsibilities supported by detailed policies, rules and regulations. An organization must have outlined systems that are understood by everyone in the organization (Ashraf, n.d.). Looking at the Fran scenario in the dairy engineering, there was no formal on boarding process in place. On her first day of work, she was accompanied by a colleague who introduced her to the rest of the team then her boss explained to her what her duties are and she started working. A formal new hire process ensures that new emp loyees like Fran are given the same information with respect to company policies, expectations and procedures that ensures consistency and accuracy (Plowman, 2010). When Fran boss went on leave, Fran took orders from Rob the chief accountant who gave her the opportunity to attend a management workshop in Auckland. When Fran got back, her boss Burton was furious that he had not been consulted and he felt his authority was being undermined.Fran is not to blame since all she did was do as she was told. The

Views Of Matter Essay -- essays research papers fc

What exactly is matter, it is not an every day question that one asks one’s own self. When looked at there are many different views on this subject, however because of the numerous numbers of different views, it is only possible to look at three of the discourses. The three discourses of matter to be looked at are; the Religious, Scientific, and Philosophical. Each discourse has evolved through time into the views that we know, and accept today. The distinction between these views on matter differs greatly, however it is possible to say that all three views came from the same place. This place being ancient Greece; it was their belief in gods that brought about religion, philosophy, and then science. The scientific view of matter has evolved over time. Science for many centuries has been accompanied by philosophical thought, throughout time the mixture of the two is very evident. The beginnings of western science, namely physics, coincide with that of the first period of Greek philosophers. Physics is in fact a term derived from the Greek word â€Å"physis† which means â€Å"the endeavor of seeing the essential nature of all things† (Capra, 1977, p. 9). The basic ideas evolved from the Greek philosophers, and philosophy remained a big part of science right up until the Newtonian view of the universe. Newton had a mechanistic view of the universe. He saw the universe as a three dimensional space. This space was unchangeable and always stagnant. â€Å"In Newton’s own words, â€Å"Absolute space, in its own nature, without regard to anything external, remains always similar and immovable.† All changes in the physical world were described in terms of a separate dimension, called time, which again was absolute, having no connection to the material world and flowing smoothly, from the past through the present to the future.† (Capra, 1977, p. 43). The things, which made up the absolute space and time, were material particles. These were perceived by Newton to be a part of all matter, as well as indestructible. Newton’s views were very parallel to those of the early Greek atomists. â€Å"Both were based on the distinction between the full and the void, between matter and space, and in both models the particles remained always identical in their mass and shape.† (Capra, 1977, p. 43). The difference between these two views came in the forces that acted upon the particles. The early Greeks... ...nce. Thus the different views on matter are 1. Religion: God created All matter. 2. Science: All matter is made up of tiny particles, (molecules/atoms) which have forces that act upon them to create movement. 3. Philosophy: Questions the existence of matter (what is real?) and shows why it exists if indeed it does. Religion is mystical and is supernatural, and believes that God has created all matter. Science got its beginnings from early philosophers, but when philosophers moved away from the question of what is something made of, to the question of; does it exist? Science still tried to prove our existence, through what matter is made of. Religion and philosophy differ in that religion has an answer to the question of the existence of matter. This is the same for science; it has proved that there are tiny particles called atoms that make up every thing. So of the three discourses, philosophy is the only one still searching for an answer to the question of the existence of matter. Bibliography Capra, Fritjof. The Tao of physics. Bantam Books, Toronto, 1977. Russell, B. The problem of philosophy. A Galaxy Book, New York, 1959. Durkhiem, E. Elementary focus of the religious life.

Discuss How the Concepts of ‘Race’ and ‘Ethnicity’ Essay

Australia is known for its multicultural society, but race and ethnicity are a huge factor of persistent racism and inequality in this country. The driving force behind this is the strong belief that some of the population still hold against people who appear different to themselves. To gain a clear understanding of this sensitive topic one must look at the origins, forms and effects of racism. This essay will look at how the concepts of ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’ perpetuate inequality in our society, a brief history of Australia in relation to racism and how people experience these inequalities today in a society that we call multicultural. Modern Australia was established as a ‘region of recent settlement’ in 1788 which was a small part of a larger process of European colonisation (Bessant & Watts, 2002, p. 219). They had a set of ideas, values and beliefs and assumed that aborigines had no system of land ownership, agriculture, animal husbandry. Indigenous people have been in Australia for more than 100,000 years (Bessant & Watts, 2002, p. 222). The White Australia Policy in the 20th century encouraged immigration only from Britain, but didn’t allow ‘Asians’ and ‘Non-whites (Economou N, 1998, p.363). By 1950’s people from all countries were allowed to migrate into Australia to help post war reconstruction. The colonial immigration saw a mass migration of European people mostly from Britain to Australia. It is said that between 1788 and 1852 approximately 170,000 people moved to Australia, and the gold rush era after 1851 made it a highly desirable country for migrating (Bessant & Watts, 2002, p. 231). By end of World War two, as war forced Australia to get closer to other countries, which resulted in the first significant weakening of the policy in 1951. Later in the 1950s and 1960s other parts of the White Australia Policy were gradually dismantled. By the 1970s the federal government had removed all racial restrictions from its immigration law (Bessant & Watts, 2002). Various writers have contradictory approaches and ways of looking at racism, making it a complex topic. It takes many different forms, ranging from physical violence to derogatory language. A person or group’s belief that their race is superior or inferior, or their moral and social traits are predetermined, based on biological differences can be termed ’racism’. A group of people sharing the same skin colour, same values, coming from the similar backgrounds may constitute as ’race’. One of the most common forms of racism found today is Institutional Racism, which stems from established corporations, and other powerful forces in society, thus making it hard to question and faces less public condemnation. Examples include housing, employment, businesses, education, religion and media (Healey, 2002). Typically, the basis of this type of discrimination is from irrational fear of people at the receiving end who belong to a different culture or ‘race’. Although, there have been ongoing debates about racism all around us for centuries, it is an assault on human rights as it methodically refuses people of different caste, colour, race, sex or their country of origin basic values underlined by Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) which states that human rights are everyone’s birthright and apply to all without difference (Healey, 2002). Common perception of shared origins, culture, lifestyle and traditions amongst a group of people or society is the universal definition of ethnicity (Bessant & Watts, 2002). People can share the same nationality but have different ethnicities. A few writers have put forward fascinating explanations of ethnicity. Edward Shils in his ‘primordial approach’ argues that he believes everyone has a primordial attachment to their motherland, people and religion which brings out strong emotional ties by socialising, which further gives rise to the need to have a separate identity and belonging. Then the ‘Mobilisationist Approach’ suggests that nothing is predictable or normal about ethnicity. Rather, ethnic identities come into sight and are toughened in political contexts where groups struggle to get access to inadequate and valued resources (Van Krieken et al, 2000, p. 519). The basis of ethnocentrism is a conscious or unconscious belief that one’s ethnic group, culture, religion, custom or behaviour is superior to another ethnic group. Politicians boast that Australia is a multicultural, open and classless society. Despite the well known image of Australia’s everyone have â€Å"a fair go†, the country is still full of both institutional and popular racism. Education has always been very important when it comes to moving up in class and has been very liberating in Australian society. However, indigenous and ethnic groups have been somewhat disadvantaged in opportunities to acquire education. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics only five Indigenous Australians per 1,000 obtain tertiary qualification, compared to 70-80 per 1,000 for Anglo Australians. In the 1990s welfare, health care and education support for Aborigines accounted only to 2% of total budget outlay (ABS 2000:21). In order to receive an education a person requires an income, but to get an income one needs a job, and a job is challenging to find without an appropriate level of education. Therefore an individual’s chance of education is influenced by the socio-economic status of one’s parents which is a cyclic social inequality hard to break. Migrants and their children often find it challenging to adjust to the Australian school system as they often come from countries that have a poor education system, and even if they have tertiary qualifications they mostly are not recognised, resulting in them taking lower paid and lower status jobs. Working class children often attend schools in working class suburbs where pupils are directed into working-class jobs. A high number of students leave school early and the expectation that they will attend university is low. In comparison, upper-class children attend private schools, and the expectation that they will attend university is high. Migrants and ethnic groups are often at a lower end of the socioeconomic scale (Aspin, 1996, p. 87) Migrants arrive with little money and few skills. Already at a disadvantage with language barriers, migrants and ethnic groups are also faced with racism and discrimination in their search for employment. In 1996, One Nation political party leader Pauline Hanson made a speech that claimed that Australia was being overwhelmed by ‘Asians’ and feared that Asians were taking over jobs. The fact is that Asians at the time only accounted for 5% of total population and ‘there is little evidence to support the claim that high rates of immigration ‘cause’ unemployment or ‘cause’ Australians to lose their jobs’ (Bessant, 2002, p. 219). Indigenous people had a 24. 3% unemployment rate according to 1996 census (ABS 2000:23). Indigenous people are usually poorer than most non-indigenous Australians and receive a lower income on average than the total population. The household income for Aborigines in 1994 was $158 compared to $310 for white Australians (ABS 2000C:23) This also reflects the fact the there is a higher reliance by the Aboriginal population on social security payments (ABS 1996b: 122-4) Socioeconomic status is a major determinant of inequality as it influences access an individual has to the economic resources of a society. L. J. Aspin (1996) explains that white Australian-born males have a better chance of obtaining access to the resources of society. Inequality is also reflected in the differential access to housing and health services. For people who are paying rent and on a low income, it is almost impossible to save for a deposit on a house at the same time. Aborigines and migrants suffer discrimination in rental accommodation, where landlords preferring a two-parent, white, Anglo-Saxon families. Only 10% of Aborigines own housing compared to 70% of white Australia population (Aspin, 1996, p. 87). Most Aborigines live in rural and provincial Australia (Bessant, 2002, p. 226) far from big cities where there are more jobs, higher paid jobs, better education, better housing, good water and sanitation services, hospital medical services and other community amenities. Some ethnic backgrounds are still not accepted in our society and are treated differently and unequally. We see and hear about them on a day to day basis. In recent months the Indian community in Australia, especially students have become a vulnerable target for attacks, whether racist or not. On 31 May 2009 in Melbourne, about 5000 students marched through the streets of Melbourne protesting against these attacks on Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi students. 25-year-old Sravan Kumar Theerthala was in a serious condition in intensive care after being stabbed in the head with a screwdriver one week earlier (Bolton & Peterson, 2009). In an article in The Age newspaper on February 19 Victorian police claimed that these attacks are not racially motivated, but opportunistic where Indian students are â€Å"over representing themselves as victims† and can be looked upon as soft targets. The police also advised them â€Å"not to speak in their native language loudly† or display signs of wealth. Attacks on Indians aren’t the only allegation Australia has faced over the years. It seems that anyone in power, including police, politicians or the media has had the tendency to somehow flare these attacks. In the Herald Sun on 11 June 2009, 3AW’s Neil Mitchell said: â€Å"Australians are also bashed and die in India, which does not provoke parades of chanting ocker backpackers in the streets of Mumbai†. In 2007, the then immigration minister Kevin Andrews referred to the Sudanese community when he said â€Å"Some groups don’t seem to be settling and adjusting into the Australian way of life as quickly as we would hope. † A spate of violent attacks were then unleashed against Sudanese migrants, and one was bashed to death by a group of white men (Bolton & Peterson, 2009). As Australia continues to argue that it is a just, tolerant, open and classless society, there is still evidence of race and inequality among us and affecting the many lives of migrants and Indigenous people. It is interesting to note that the very determinants of class – power, money, education, family background, occupation, health and general way of life are also the same factors where others experience inequalities. Race and ethnicity perpetuate inequality, and in any country including Australia, one would find that there are always some people with very strong values of racism, and media outlets which help in manipulating the views of general public. There still needs to be a massive drive by communities and governments on racism and inequality and it will be long before we will be a â€Å"happy multicultural Australia†. Bibliography Aspin, L J 1996, ‘Social stratification and inequality’, Focus on Australian society, 2nd edn, Longman, Melbourne. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, Australian Bureau of Statistics, viewed 28 November 2009, < http://www. abs. gov. au/ >. Bessant, J & Watts, R 2002, ‘Neighbours and nations: ethnic identity and multiculturalism’, Sociology Australia, 2nd edn, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, NSW. Bolton, S & Peterson, C 2009, Indian students speak: Stop the racist attacks! , viewed 28 November 2009, < http://www.greenleft. org. au/2009/798/41083>. Economou, N 1998, ‘The Politics of Citizenship: identity, ethnicity and race’, in Alan Fenna, Introduction to Australian Public Policy, Vol 1, Addison Wesley Longman, Melbourne. Healey, J 2002, ‘Racism: Beyond Tolerance, A Fair Go’, Racism in Australia, Vol 180, The Spinney Press, Rozelle, NSW. Van Krieken, R, Smith, P, Hobbis, D & McDonald, K 2000, ‘Migration, ethnicity and Australian Aboriginality’, Sociology: themes and perspectives, 2nd edn, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest, NSW.

Social Determinants of Obesity Free Essay Example, 3750 words

Obesity is not just a personal problem, it is a considerable fact that society is also to blame about the growing number of obese people not just in New York but around the world. To embrace the problem as a worldwide issue would be a step towards the recovery of the said disease. Historically speaking, fatness was not all the time ridiculed and viewed negatively. The 19th Century Britain viewed fatness as a quality of being wealthy, beauty, and prestige. A much older proof of the claim, fat is beautiful is the antique statuette called Venus of Willendorf, where it depicts a woman with the large belly and extra size body built. Qvortrup (2003) stated that a stone age man evidently preferred a big girl who can both carry and nurture his offspring under the harsh conditions of the Palaeolithic world. However, the modern world is well-equipped of things for temperature protection, and the use of excess belly would be too obsolete. The trend was given emphasis by the fashion industr y and devaluing the purpose of excess body fat. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Determinants of Obesity or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page McCann (2010) argues that teens who sleep below the average of eight hours per week are most likely to consume more junk foods than those teens who sleep eight hours a day or more. This is due to the fact that reductions in sleep duration may alter the metabolic rate and affect the production of leptin and ghrelin, two hormones that regulate appetite (McCann, 2010).